We are Mist Sprayer Bottle,Personal Care Spray Bottle,Custom Plastic Spray Bottle in China , Normally with PE bottle and PET Bottle .
Many volumes can choose 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml 130ml 150ml 200ml 240ml 240ml 300ml 400ml 500ml etc
Used in hair gel sprayer,disinfectant,glasses cleaning,oil sprayer and cosmetic packaging sunscreen sprayer ,perfume and more. Mist Spray Bottle,Fine Mist Spray Bottle,Plastic Spray Bottle,Mist Bottle NINGBO CRETE PLASTIC CO.,LTD , https://www.crete-sprayer.com
For deep-sea equipment, there are two types of most versatile materials: one is a structural material with good pressure resistance, and the Other is a buoyant material used for buoyancy compensation on a large submersible.
(1) Pressure-resistant shell material technology for deep-sea equipment This special environment of the deep sea places special requirements on the pressure-resistant shell material of deep-sea equipment. Deep-sea equipment pressure-resistant shell materials must have a certain degree of corrosion resistance, and have relatively stable physical properties and appropriate ductility in a certain temperature range. In addition, they should have high yield strength and high modulus of elasticity. . Therefore, the deep sea equipment can withstand the static pressure generated by its working depth and the impact of the periodic load generated by the deep sea equipment and the multiple dive and floating over the entire service period on the pressure shell.
At present, there are two kinds of materials used in the deep sea equipment pressure shell: metal materials and non-metal materials. Metal materials are mainly used on submarines and deep submersibles, and non-metallic materials are mainly used on deep submersibles.
1 Metal materials At present, there are two main types of metal materials used in deep sea equipment pressure-resistant shells: steel and titanium alloys. Submarines in the United States, Japan, Britain and Russia use steel as the pressure-resistant casing material. Some of the submersibles in these countries use titanium alloy as the pressure-resistant casing. Russia has four-stage submarines using titanium alloy as the pressure-resistant shell material, and the other submarines use high-strength steel as the pressure-resistant shell material.
Materials used in the US Navy's deep-sea equipment pressure-resistant shells The pressure-resistant shells of the US Navy submarines mainly use Hy series quenched and tempered steel. Before the 1960s, the standard steel for the US Navy submarine pressure shell was Hy-80. To improve weldability and weldment toughness, the US Navy has revised the military specifications for Hy-80 steel several times. The pressure-resistant shell of the US Navy's "Los Angeles" class submarine uses Hy-80 steel. Since the yield strength of Hy-l00 steel is greater than that of Hy-80 steel under the same weight, Hy-100 steel has become the standard steel for the US Navy submarine pressure shell. The pressure-resistant shell material of the "Sea Wolf" class submarine currently in service in the US Navy is Hy-l00 steel. The US Navy's latest nuclear submarine "Virginia" class pressure shell material plans to use Hy-l00 steel. The US Navy has also developed Hy-l30 steel, and plans to replace Hy-l00 with Hy-l30 as a submarine pressure-resistant shell material. The US Navy also used the Hy-l30 steel to build the three-segment of the conventional Dolphin submarine submarine and the other submarine in the 1980s.
The US Navy uses the Hy series of quenched and tempered steel and titanium alloy to manufacture the pressure-resistant shell of the submersible. In 1969, the US Navy built the deep-sea rescue boat "DSRV-I" with Hy-l30 steel, and soon used it to build the "DSRV-II" and the nuclear-powered deep submersible "NR-l". The first two ships of the US Navy's Advanced Frog Transport System (ASDS), ASDSI and ASDSII, are made of Hy-80 steel. The US Navy's "Sea Cliff" submersible uses titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo) as the pressure-resistant shell material, and the submersible has a depth of 6100m.
Materials used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force deep-sea equipment with pressure shells The Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force submarine steels are NS-30, NS-46, NS-63, NS-80, NS-90 and NS-110. After the Second World War to the early 1960s, the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force submarine pressure shell material used NS-30 and NS-46 steel. Since then, NS-63 (modified Hy-80), NS-80, and NS-90 (imitation Hy-l30) steel have been developed. NS-90 steel is used for the construction of submarines except for deep sea survey vessels with a depth of 2000m. The pressure-resistant shell of the "Xichao" class submarine uses NS-80 steel. In the 1980s, Japan developed a higher strength submarine steel NS-110. The pressure-resistant shell of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force's "moistral" class submarine is made of NS-110.
Japan's "Deep Sea 2000" submersible uses titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-2Nb-4VELI) as a pressure-resistant shell material.
Materials used by the British Navy for deep sea equipment with pressure shells The British Navy developed QT-28, QT-35 and QT-42 for QT series submarines after the Second World War. In the 1950s, QT-28 was used to build submarines. QT-35 steel was widely used to build submarines from 1958 to 1965. In 1968, the specification of Q1(N) steel was formulated. The United Kingdom also copied Hy-l00 and Hy-l30, and named them Q2 (N) and Q3 (N) steel. The British “smart†class submarine plans to use Q2 (N) as the pressure-resistant shell material.
Materials used in Russian deep-sea equipment with pressure-resistant shells Russia is the first country in the world to build submarine pressure-resistant shells from titanium alloys. It is the world leader in the construction of submarines with titanium alloys. Russia has successively manufactured four-stage titanium alloy submersibles for pressure-resistant shells. There are 6 A-class, 1 P-class, 1 M-class, and 4 S-class. Due to the high price of titanium alloys, only 11 Russian submarines have been built. Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength, light weight, low magnetic properties and corrosion resistance. The use of titanium alloy as the pressure-resistant shell material can reduce the displacement of the submarine, increase the depth of the submersible and improve the concealability of the boat. The pressure-resistant shell material of some Russian submarines uses CB-2 steel.
2 Non-metallic materials The non-metallic materials used in the pressure shell of deep-sea submersibles are: advanced resin-based composite materials and structural ceramic materials.
Advanced resin-based composite materials Advanced resin-based composite materials refer to polymer composite materials reinforced with carbon fiber, ceramic fiber, and aramid fiber. Advanced resin-based composites have much superior mechanical properties than conventional structural materials. For example, the epoxy resin composite reinforced with carbon fiber, aramid fiber and silicon carbide fiber respectively has a density of 1.4 to 2.0 g/cm, and a tensile strength of 1.5 to 1.8 GPa, which is slightly higher than that of ordinary steel. The strength is 4 to 6 times that of the steel, and the specific modulus is 2 to 3 times that of the steel. In addition to superior mechanical properties, advanced resin-based composites often have the functions of corrosion resistance, vibration damping and electromagnetic wave absorption. Therefore, they have broad application prospects on ships.
The US Navy successfully fabricated a pressure-resistant housing for the automatic unmanned submersible AUSSMOD2 with graphite fiber reinforced epoxy resin. The depth of the boat's dive is 6096m. According to the design, the weight/displacement ratio of the pressure-resistant casing cannot exceed l 0.5. The US Navy plans to use graphite fiber reinforced epoxy materials instead of titanium alloys to make pressure-resistant housing heads.
Structural ceramic materials Ceramics have high strength and elastic modulus, and have the advantages of corrosion resistance, wear resistance and high temperature resistance. The density is lower than that of ordinary metal materials, and it is a high specific strength material with great development potential. However, the inherent brittleness of ceramics limits its application range. Great progress has been made in the research of advanced ceramic materials. The ceramic material prepared by the special processing technology of high-purity ultrafine powder has fine microstructure and excellent performance, and advanced ceramic materials such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, zirconia have gradually entered the practical field. The research on ceramic toughening has also achieved certain results, which has created conditions for the promotion and application of structural ceramic materials. The high-strength structure of the ceramic material is used to manufacture the pressure-resistant casing of the deep-depth submersible.
The US Navy conducted a comparative analysis of several pressure-resistant casing candidate materials for the construction of unmanned deep-sea submersibles. The results show that for the latent depth of 6096 m, the weight/displacement ratio of the alumina ceramic pressure-resistant casing is less than 0.60, while the ratio of the titanium shell of the same design depth exceeds 0.85. Although alumina ceramics are not the lowest weight/displacement ratio material in several ceramic materials, they are selected for the manufacture of 635mm diameter deep submersible pressure shells due to their lower cost and more mature manufacturing process. body. The US Navy conducted tests on a 635 mm diameter alumina ceramic pressure-resistant casing in 1993. Practice has shown that in the case of the same displacement (454kg), the alumina ceramic shell is 166% higher than the Ti-6A-4V shell; to achieve the same payload, the displacement of the titanium shell must be increased by 50%. Its weight increased by 83%. In addition, the ceramic housing has the advantages of corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, non-magnetic and permeable radiation.
(2) Buoyant material technology for deep-sea equipment In order to solve the pressure resistance and structural stability problems of deep-dive trailers, deep submersibles and underwater robots, and to provide sufficient net buoyancy, people began to develop high-strength solid buoyancy materials ( Referred to as SBM) to replace the traditional pressure-resistant buoyancy ball and buoyancy cylinder. SBM is an important part of the development of modern deep dive technology. It plays an important role in ensuring the buoyancy necessary for the submersible, improving the payload of the submersible and reducing its external dimensions, especially in the construction of large depth submersibles.
Solid buoyancy materials used in deep sea equipment should be water, pressure, corrosion and impact resistant. For the strength requirements of solid buoyancy materials used at different depths, the water depth increases, the strength of the buoyant material increases, and the density increases, but the buoyancy coefficient decreases. In addition, the high-strength buoyant materials used in deep-sea equipment should also have the characteristics of low water absorption and short water absorption balance. Under the premise that the buoyancy material itself cannot meet the waterproof requirement, it is necessary to apply a waterproof layer on the outer surface of the buoyant material. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the outer surface coating material is resistant to corrosion and impact, so as to prolong the service life of the deep sea equipment buoyancy material.
In recent years, many countries in the world have carried out extensive research work on deep-sea buoyancy materials. Buoyancy materials have been developed for use in deep-sea equipment. These high-strength buoyancy materials have been widely used in civil, commercial and military applications, such as counterweights in water equipment, floating cables floating on water or suspended in water, buoys, Submarine buried cable machinery and acoustic Doppler flow profiler (ADCP) platform, zero buoyancy towed body and unmanned remotely operated vehicle (ROV).
The buoyant material used in deep sea equipment is essentially a low-density, high-strength porous structural material, which belongs to the category of composite materials. There are three main categories: hollow glass microbead composites, lightweight synthetic composite plastics and chemical foam composites. The hollow glass microbead composite foam is formed by mixing hollow glass beads in a resin, wherein the hollow glass pellets occupy 60% to 70% of the volume; the composite plastic is composed of composite foam and low density filler such as hollow plastic or large diameter glass spheres. The combination is modified; the chemical foam composite is a foam composite made by chemical foaming. Among them, the minimum density limit of the glass composite foam is 0.5 g/cm3, the minimum density limit of the composite plastic is 0.32 g/cm3, and the lowest density limit of the chemical foam is 0.24 g/cm3. There are two technical difficulties in chemical foam technology and process that need to be solved: 1 strength and reliability of foam materials; 2 selection of water-blocking surface materials and process technology.
Since the late 1960s, the United States, Japan, Russia and other countries have developed high-strength solid buoyancy materials for the development of the ocean deep seabed. The solid buoyant material developed by the US Naval Applied Science Laboratory has a compressive strength of 5.5 MPa when the density is 0.35 g/cm3. The Lockheed Missile Space Company has developed a solid buoyancy material for two purposes. It is an OPS (offshore petroleum system) grade solid buoyancy material for shallow sea. The density is 0.35g/cm3, the compressive strength is 5.6Mpa, and the diving depth is 540m. The other is a submersible deep quest grade solid buoyancy material with a density of 0.45 to 0. 48g/cm3, a compressive strength of 25 MPa, and a depth of 2430 m. The buoyant material produced by Flotec Company of the United States is made of high-strength epoxy-based material as a substrate. According to different water depths, different buoyancy regulating media are filled and processed by appropriate synthesis methods. In order to improve impact resistance and erosion resistance, the outer surface is cast with a polyethylene or ABS outer casing, and the outer casing has a thickness of 13 to 15 mm. The research and development of solid buoyancy materials by the Japan Ocean Technology Center is divided into three periods. The first period is the diving operation with a depth of 300m in 1970. The second period is the development of the manned deep submersible "deep sea 6500" in the early 1980s; In 1987, the development of underwater robots with a depth of 10,000 m was started. Russia has also developed a solid buoyancy material for 6000m water depth with a density of 0.7g/cm3 and a pressure resistance of 70MPa.